Rudo Chigudu

Mudhebhe wepink uya

Rwendo rwekuita hurukuro nevarimi vanogara kuEthiopia, kuSenegal, kuSouth Africa, uye kuZimbabwe, nekuisa nyaya dzandakaudzwa mutsananguro rwakandininipisa kwazvo. Ndichifamba kubva pamba pemurimi umwe ndichienda pane umwe, ndakasangana nerupo uye nerudo. Ini nevaindibatsira kuturikira, takabvumidzwa kupinda mukati memisha munova makakosha, uye zvakatonyanyisa, kupinzwa mukati mepfungwa nemoyo dzevarimi vakakosha chose, avo vakatipa nhoroondo dzavo. Pane dzimwe nguva ndaiwanikwa ndichitorwisana nemisodzi yangu, apo nyaya dzaibata-bata kutsi kwemoyo wangu. Dzimwevo nguva ndaitozvidzora mukuda kuuruka nemufaro kana pandaishuvira kuti pave nemagumo anofadza paiita saizvozvo. Zvaisangana nevarondedzeri munyaya dzavo zvaisiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nemagariro avo munharaunda, tsika, zvamatongerwe enyika, uyevo zveraramo dzavo, asi zvinoshamisa ndezvekuti, zvizhinji munyaya dzavo zvaiwanikwa zvichifanana. Masimba enyika uyevo masimba emacompanies makuru aionekwa pachena, uye zvichiderovo, kurambwa kwawo nevarimi kwakanga kuri pachena.

Muhurukuro dzekutanga neThousand Currents pamusoro pekunyora nyaya idzi dzaitarurwa nemuromo, ndakafarira chose kuva mukati mechirongwa chekutaurwa kwenyaya idzi. Ini ndine chido chikuru chekuunganidza nyaya dzevanhukadzi, dzevechidiki, uyevo dzevarimi vanorima zvirimwa zvairimwa namadzitateguru edu vanopembedza nzira dzekudya kwechinyakare. Ndinonzwa rukudzo rukuru kuva nhengo yevanogadzirisa kukosha kwenzira dziri kushandiswa navarimi kuumba kuzviriritira pane zvokudya^[1].

Ndaifungidzira kuti ndichanzwa varimi vachirondedzera nhoroondo dzavo ndigodzidza zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pezvakasangana navarimi ava uyevo venharaunda dzezvemiti kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Handina kana kumbofungidzira kuti rwendo rwuno rwuchava pamusoro panguvo, kuti rwaizondidzosa kumazuva ehudiki hwangu, kusimudza ndangariro dzakare, kutungidza chido, kugofa kutsamwa, uye kundipa chitsvambe kuti ndifunge nemufungire mutsva.

Mukukura kwangu, baba vangu vakanga vasingagari vachitaura pamusoro pekurwadziswa nekuvharirwa kwavaitwa nehurumende yevapambepfumi mazuva ehondo yerusununguko. Asi pavaitaura, inzwi ravo raitaura riri pasi uye rine kakubvunda. Vaitaura kushata kwehudzvinyiriri hwevapambepfumi uye kukosha kwekudzora nekuchengetedza nzira dzekurima minda nekudzorera ivhu kuzvizvarwa zveZimbabwe. Kwemakore mazhinji, ndakanga ndichidyiwa nechinya mumoyo. Mbeu yechinya chacho yakadzvarwa pandaiona baba vangu uye pandainzwa nyaya dzekuurawa kwavana sekuru vangu nevamwe munguva yehondo yokusunungura Zimbabwe. Kusayenzana kuri pamhene kweraramo munharaunda nenzira yekuti uyu munhukadzi here kana kuti uyu munhurume mukurarama kwangu, kwakatowedzera kukura kwechinya changu.

Mhuri yababa vangu yaiva yaiva nemunda kumaruwa kwedu. Ndichiri mudiki, ndaipedza nguva yakareba pamazororo ezvikoro ndichishanda pamunda uyu — kudzvara, kusakura, kana kuti kukohwa. Ndaivenga chaizvo kuita izvi, asi vabereki vangu vakanga vasinganyanyaidzi tsika iyi pamazororo. Ndinoyeuka mudhebhe wangu wepink wandaipfeka kana ndoenda kumunda. Gore negore wairamba uchitemura sezvo ini ndairamba ndichireba, asi ndairamba ndichingoupfeka kusvika mai vangu vaunyangarisa. Kana ndichifunga zvehukama hwangu neivhu, ndinongozviona ndichiri nemakore masere ndakapfeka mudhebhe wangu wepink, ndichikanda mbeu muivhu nekuifutsira. Mukuita izvi, ndakadzvara zvinodarika zvokudya chete. Ndaitodzvara mbeu dzerudo nevhu kwehupenyu hwangu hwose zvandakanga ndisingaoni panguva iyoyo.

Pandakatanga kuita vhunzurudzo dzino, ndakaona kuti hurukuro dzinowanzoitwa nemapato makuru evenhau pamusoro pavarimi vanoshandisa nzira dzeagroecology munyika dzemuAfrica, dzakapesana chose nezvinoitika chaizvo uye zvinosanganikwa nazvo nevarimi ava. Nyaya idzi dzinowanzotaurwa sezvinhu zvisina maturo kana kuti zvisina hunhu. Varimi ava vanotorwa sechikwata chevanhu vashoma-shoma vanotozvitamburira zvavo nenhamo uye vanogona kutokanganisa zvinonzi izvo nevemaindustry ezvokurima kusimukira “pakupa zvokudya kupasirose.” Varimi ava vanoumba chikwata chiri kuvhika kwavanoti “kusimukira” pavanoramba kushandisa nzira dzokurima dzisingashandi kana pasina machemical ferilisers, mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka zvinoruma zvirimwa uye inouraya bundo kana kushandisa mbeu dzakashandurwa-shandurwa mamirire adzo. (GMOs)

Kuva mukati mavarimi ava — vanova vanhu vakashandura chinya chavo chikava kuratidzira, rudo rwavo rwukava mishando, kuva rumwerumwe kwavo kukava nharaunda, uye mishando yavo kuva rusunguko rwavo — chinhu chakandininipisa fani. Varimi vazhinji vakataura zverusununguko uye rusununguko panyaya dzezveraramo zvavanowana mukurarama kubva mukurima kwavo nekuti izvi zvino wedzera sei pakuva vanhu vanozviriritira. Mumwe wavarimi ava — Busisiwe Mgangxela, anobva kuEastern Cape muSouth Africa — aizvirova dundundu pamusana pekuti haashandisi masupermarket pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvokudya nekuti mhuri yake inodya zvaanorima. Varimi vakataura zvekupfekerwa kwakaita kurima kwavo mukati mehukama hwavo paunhu nepahukama hwavo neivhu. Ndakanzwavo nezve murimi anonzi Worke Shumye wekuEthiopia, uyo ane vana vanotoita zvekumuvigira zvokudya kumunda nekuti anenge asingadi kusiya basa rake risina kupera. Ndezve rudo izvi — rudo rwezvose, mhuri neivhu.

Ndakaterera apo varimi vakanga vachitsanangura kuti nzira dzekurima kwavo kuzama kunoramba kuchienda mberi, sezvo nguva dzose vanenge vachingodzidza zvinodiwa nekupihwa neivhu, vachizama nzira itsva. Munhoroondo yake, Mariama Sonko, anobva kuSenegal, akatsanangura kurasikirwa kukuru, kudzokera shure, uye kuwana nzira yake yekudzokera kuivhu achishandisa nzira itsva yekurima yeagroecology. Ndakanyatsobatwa nenhoroondo yaNosdima Sam wekuSouth Africa uye nekuti paainge achirwadziwa nemoyo wake, aiwana rugare rwakadzama chose nerusununguko, chero mufaro, kana achinge ari mukati memakavichi uye mumitsara yespinach yake. Asi ndakabatikanavo nemashoko akataurwa pavhunzurudzo yandakaita naVirginia Magwaca, kuRabula, Keiskammahoek, South Africa. Chitambudzo chakasimuka. Tiri pakati pevhunzurudzo yedu, mwanasikana waVirginia, uyo aisuka ndiro panze, akangotanga kushaura rwumbo, zvakaita kuti Virginia atange kutaura nezvekudambuka kwemidzi kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera pakati pevana vamazuvano neivhu uye kuti vano fanira kudzidza patsva, ruzivo rwurikurasika mukufamba kwenguva. Ndakazviona ndisina kusiyana navana ava. Ndakanga ndava pano ndichidzokorora kudzidza dzidziso dzavabereki vangu neruzivo rwemadzitateguru edu akaenda kare.

Kuramba kushandiswa uye kumanikidzwa

Pane kusimbirirwa kwakadzama kuri kuitwa pakukudza mhando dzeindustrial agriculture muAfrica, zvinova zvakanangana nekuwedzera gross domestic product (GDP) uye “kupa zvokudya kupasirose.” Nhoroondo dziri museries ino dzinoratidza kuti varimi veminda midiki vanorima vachishandisa nzira dzeagroecology vatogara vachigona zvekurima kunokwanisa kuwanisa kudya kwakakwana kumhuri dzavo uyevo kunharaunda dzavo, ndokunge vakapihwa mukana wokuita izvozvo. Zvakadaro, mirawu yezvematongerwe enyika neyezveraramo zvinoongorora mirawu yezvekudya uyevo mufambire wemari dzacho, zvose zvinopikisa zvido zvavo^[2]. Zvichidai, pane umboo hwakawanda hunotaridza kuti kukura kweGDP hakudzasi hurombo. Zvinotoonekwa kuti kazhinji kukura uku kunotobatana nekugohwa kusina kuenzana kwezviwanikwa nekutowedzera zvakare kuunganidzwa kwehufumi nevakafuma.

Kubvutwa kweminda nemacompanies makuru, zvinova zvinosiya nharaunda dzine minda midiki kana kuti dzisisina minda zvachose yekurima kana kuti yekuwana zvimwe zvakaita semvura, uye kuwanda kwaavo vanochera mighodhi yengoda nemamwe matombo akakosha, uye kuparadzwa kuri kuitwa masango nezvimwe zvisikwa, zvatova tsika chaiyo kunharaunda dzakawanda dzemuAfrica. Pane dzimwe nguva, vagari vepasi rino vanongoona vakanyerara uye vachitendera macompanies makuru kuti vaite ivo voga vanotengesa, nekugadzira magenetically modified organisms (GMOs) nemapatent seeds, uye vobva varambidza varimi rusununguko rwokuchengetedza mbeu dzavo sepachinyakare.

Panguva dzevhunzurudzo, varimi vari muSouth Africa vakataura kusagutsikana kwavo nemirawu yavaiona sekuti inogona kukanganisa nzira dzekurima kwavo. Kushata kwazvakazoita ndekwekuti mirawu iyi yakatotsikiswa kuva mitemo. Plant Breeders’ Rights Act ya2018 uye the new Plant Improvement Act ya2018 inorambidza varimi kuti vachengete uye kugovana mbeu, zvinova nzira mbiri dzinoshandiswa chaizvo navarimi muAfrica^[3]. Ndakagara naChuma Mgcoyi, mumakomo eTamboerskloof muCape Town, akandiudza nyaya pamusoro pekunowanikwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwembeu dzinoshandiswa mubindu renharaunda yavo. Pambeu yogayoga, paitova nenyaya, ingava yekusangana nemutorwa pamusangano wezvekudya, kana kuti rwendo rwurefu rwunenge rwakafambwa nembeu kutodarika maborder isati yapinda mubindu ravo. Kwose uku kunobva mbeu idzi kwakutonzi zviri kunze kwemutemo nekuda kwemitemo yakadzikwa neparliament yemuSouth Africa.

Sekuona kwangu, hwaro hwekutsikirira vamwe hwakatogadzirwa kare kuburikidza nenzira dzekutonga dzakagadzirwa nehurumende dzevapambevhu. Zvairambidzwa zvizvarwa zvavanhu vatema nekuda kwemirawu nemitemo mumazuva ehurumende dzehudzvanyiriri zvichiri kungoitwa nekutarirwa nenzira dzokuvhara miromo yeavo vanonyunyuta, vachinyanyaidza ruzivo rwevatema; nekuramba kuchisvorwa nekushandiswa kwezvizvarwa zvevanhu vemuAfrica, minda, mabasa, nehumwe hufumi. Zvinopihwa navarimi vatinosangana navo museries ino chipenga chinoratidza kuti kuramba kubatirirwa, rudo, tsitsi, kubatana, hunyanzvi, uye rupo zvinoparadza nhoroondo yekugaroshandiswa nekubatirirwa kwe, uye mucontinent yeAfrica.

Pane zvikwata-kwata zvevarimi vemuAfrica zviri kuramba kushandiswa uye kumakidzwa kushandisa mbeu yemaindustrial GMO iyo inodhura chaizvo, uye inokurudzira zvekungorima chinhu chimwe chete paminda, uyezve mbeu dzacho dzinozihwa nekuunza zvinhu zvisina kunaka munguva refu. Varimi ava vari kunzvenga mariva ekuwira muzvikwerete zvekushandisa mbeu idzi nemachemical fertilisers zvinopihwa mahara, kana kuti nemitengo yakaderera pekutanga. Kwapera gore kana kuti makore maviri, varimi vanozowanikwa vofanira kutenga mbeu dziya nemachemical fertilisers aya anofanira kushandiswa nembeu dziya, nekuti pasina izvozvo hadzingararami kana kukura.

Miripo yacho inoramba ichikwira, apo macompanies makuru aya anenge ane mirawu yekuti mbeu dzavo dzemaGMO hadzifaniri kuchengetwa kana kushandiswa pamwaka dzinotevera, zvinova zvinosiya varimi vakanga vajaira kuchengeta nekugovana mbeu dzavo dzechinyakare vava kufanira kutenga mbeu tsva gore negore. Kazhinji varimi vanowanikwa vachikwereta mari kuti vaite izvi, vozopedzesira vangova vanhu vanogara muzvikwereti kuri kuzama kuzviraramisa nenzira dzinonzi dziri “mberi” dzekurima, asi pakupedzisira zvovasiya vari nhapwa dzinongorarama nekuda kwemazicompany makuru aya, pane kuti vazviraramise voga vachishandisa zvinowanikwa munharaunda dzavo. Kudzokera kumbeu dzavo dzekare zvinobva zvonetsa nekuda kwekuurawa kunenge kwaitwa ivhu ravo nekushandiswa kwemafertilisers nemachemicals anofanirwa kushandiswa panorimwa mbeu dzemaGMO.

Mune imwe nhoroonda, Esnati Mutembedza anotaura nezvenyonga-nyonga munharaunda yeGoromonzi muZimbabwe inokonzererwa necommercialised organic food movement. Varimi veminda midiki pavanorima zvokudya nenzira dzeagroecology, kusavapo kwemalabel akanyorwa kuti “organic” pazvirimwa zvavo kunoita kuti zviwane mitengo yakaderera kumisika. Label yekuti “organic” yakabvutwa uye yoshandiswa zvisizvo nevanonyanya kukara mari zvekuti zvavanoti zvinodiwa zvacho kuti iwanikwe zvinobva zvatadza kusvikirika nevarimi vakawanda.

Chero hazvo zvakadai, pane zvikwata zvevarimi vakashinga vari kuramba nzira idzi vachipa tariro yekuti zvinokwanisika kurima zvokudya pasina kushandisa zvinhu zvakashata zvinokurudzirwa nenzira dzeindustrialised agriculture. Varimi ava havatauri nzira dzavo vachiita sezvinonzi zvinhu zviri nyore uye sezvinhu zvinopedza matambudziko ose nenguva pfupi, asi kuti vanotaura zvinokurudzira, vachitaridza zvinonetsa, zvinonakidza, uye vachitaridzavo rugare nemifaro inowanikwa mukukwanisa kuzviriritira muhupenyu. Nhoroondo dziri museries ino dzinotarira zvinhu zvakawanda chose, asi chinowanikwa chakafanana pazviri kurerekera kwazvo kumakakatano ari kuitwa pamusana pekugohwa kwevhu, food and seed sovereignty, climate justice, uye kuenzaniswa kwezveraramo pacontinent yeAfrica nepasirose. Dzinotarira misoro yenyaya dzakawanda chose; hupenyu hwevarimi, hwose kana kuti muchidimbu chahwo, hunopa nzwisiso yakajeka yekukatana kuripo pakati pehukama hwedu nezvimwe zvinhu zviri kusangana nevarimi vazhinji vemuAfrica.

Nzira iri political uye nzira yekurima

Mumakore ano, kashoma kuti zuva ripfuure ndisina kusangana nemakakatano kana kuti hurukuro dzinoitwa pamusana peminda, mbeu, kushanduka kuri kuita mamirire ekunze, kana kuti kugadzirwa kwezvekudya kune hutano uye zvazvinoita muAfrica. Zvinotaridzika sekuti manzwi anonyanya kunzwika, ndeemahurumende, emaindustries, uye emacompanies makuru vanokurudzira zvekushandiswa kwenzira dzeindustrialised agriculture, idzo dzinorarama nekushandiswa kwemachemical fertilisers, mbeu dzemaGMO, uye kunyanya mazuvano, maGM technologies matsva^[4]. Nedzimwe nzira, series ino inoshanda semhinduro kuhurukuro idzi painopa nhoroondo dzekuti varimi vane miono uye vari kusimbisa ruzivo rwavo, vachitaura nyaya dzavo uye vachikurudzira kubatana mudzinharaunda dzakawanda-wanda.

Ndichiterera pamusoro pekuti agroecology iri kutungamira sei panzira dzine hutano dzehukama neivhu, kuchengetedza zvakapoteredza, uye kurima zvokudya — chero hazvo kuzama kutsikirira agroecology kwenyika nemacompanies makuru kuri zvose nzira dzepolitics uye nzira dzekurima kwakanaka — Ndakadzorwa kumusha kwambuya vangu. Paigara pane zen’e pane imwe nzvimbo pakanikwa mbeu kuti dziome. Ndakashamisika nekuwanda kweruzivo rwechinyakare rwurikushandiswa nevarimi vandakavhunzurudza — ruzivo pamusana pekuchengeta nekuchengetedza mbeu, nzira dzekuchengetedza nekukodza ivhu, nzira dziri organic dzekudzivirira twupuka twunoruma mbeu, kurima zvirimwa zvakasiyana mundima imwe kuti zvipanane zvinhu zvakanaka kwete kungorima mbeu imwe chete mumunda wose^[5]. Ndakanzwa shungu dzakawanda, ndichipedzisira ndangonyarara, pamwe ndichitobudisa misodzi ndapedza kuita dzimwe vhunzurudzo, pandaidzeya kuti pfungwa yekuti industrial agriculture inzi ndiyo iri “pamanhenga-nhenga” ekubudirira kwekurima ine rusarura ganda, inodzima tsika dzavamwe, uye ndeye vapambepfumi, ichizova futi inorerekera kutsikirira vanhukadzi. Kutsanangura nekusundidzira zvokurima nenzira dzeindustrial agriculture, uye mirawu yevanhu vanokara kukudza homwe dzavo nemari kuno ninipisa ruzivo rukuru rwaishandiswa nezvizvarwa zvemuAfrica, zvakaita savana sekuru nambuya vangu, pakuzviriritira ivo nezvakanga zvakavapoteredza munharaunda dzavo kwemazana namazana amakore. Saka ndapukuta misodzi yangu, ndakawanikwa ndichinyemwerera nekuda kwepfungwa yekuti nhoroondo dzevarimi ava, vanhu vachakwanisa kuona nekuwana ruzivo nenjere zvaishandiswa namadzitateguru edu.

Pane imwe nguva pakati pevhunzurudzo, ndinoyeuka ndichitarira mumeso aSithokozile Matafini kudunhu reNezvuhwi muZimbabwe, ndakabatwa pfungwa paairondedzera kurima kwake. Akagara ipapo, meso ake aipenya sezvinonzi akanga akabata zvinhu zvakakosha chose — pachinguva ichocho — ndakanzwa rutendo rwakadzama kuva netendero yekukwanisa kunzwa ruzivo rwaaipa ipapo. Ndainzwa mashoko aitaurwa nemudzimai akakwanisa kuriritira vana vake nekuda kwekushanda mumunda. Ndakaona rwendo rwake pameso pake paaifamba neni panguva dzekushungurudzika, nguva dzekurwadziwa kukuru, nguva dzekudyiwa nechinya chikuru, uye paanozopodzwa nekunyaradzwa nekuda kweivhu. Ndakatanga kufunga kuti vakawanda sei vamwe vane nyaya dzakaita saidzodzi — dzakachengetwa mumoyo nemupfungwa dzemadzimai akaita saSithokozile — dzisingafi dzakazihwa nevazhinji. Asi apa ndini zvangu ndakaita rombo rakanaka kuva nhengo yeavo vari kubatsira kusimudza manzwi avarimi, vakaona mabasa, uye vari kusimudzira nzira dzeagroecology.

Pandaibatanidza nhoroondo dzavarimi pamwe chete, ndakaita kakunzwisisa. Ndakanga ndichiterera nhoroondo dzaipfuura vanhu vakanga vakagara mberi kwangu. Idzi dzakanga dzisiri nyaya dzeshasha imwe kwete, kana kuti nyaya dzinganzi dzakaitwa nemhuri imwe. Nyaya zhinji dzakandiyeuchidza kuti humwe mudzinharaunda huchiri hupenyu uye kuti hupenyu hwedu huchiri kuramba huchivakwa nekuraramiswa nekushandira pamwe uye netsigiro yenharaunda. Kutsigirana, kubata pamwe, uye kubatana zvinhu zvaiitwa nevakuru vedu, zviri mutsika dzedu, uye zviri mumararamire ezvizvarwa zvemuAfrica. Series yenhoroondo dzino chinhu chidiki chakanangana nekubatsira uye kuvheneka kwete nzira dzakasimba dzekudya kwedu kwechinyakare nevarimi vacho, asi inyaya dzenharaunda dzakavakwa uye dziri kubudirira nemasimba ekubatana munharaunda — chinhu chandakatanga kudzidzavo pamusoro pacho ndakapfeka mudhebhe wangu uya wepink.

1. According to the Declaration of Nyéléni, at the first global Forum for Food Sovereignty in Mali in 2007: “Food sovereignty ikodzero yevanhu kuti vawane kudya kune hutano uye kwakarimwa nenzira dzine tsika uye dzisingakuvadzi zvakapoteredza uyevo ikodzero yevanhu kuti vashare kudya kwavanoda nenzira dzavanoda. Inokudza zvido nevavariro yeavo vanorima uye vanosenga neavo vanodya kudya kwacho kuti vave ivo vari pamoyo pamusoro pemirawu yezvekudya kwete zvinodiwa naavo vanotengesa nevemacompanies puts systems and policies rather than the demands of markets and corporations.” Kuwana zvimwe zvizhinji panyaya iyi shanyai padandemutande: https://nyeleni.org/spip.php?artic
2. Peter M. Rosset and Maria Elena Martinez-Torres, “La Via Campesina and Agroecology,” https://viacampesina.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/05/EN-12.pdf; GRAIN, “All Crises, THE Crisis (the Industrial Agri-food System Is Central to All of Them),” https://viacampesina.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/05/EN-12.pdf;
3. African Centre for Biodiversity, “South Africa’s New Seed and PVP Acts Undermine Farmers’ Rights and Entrench Corporate Capture, Control and Domination,” https://acbio.org.za/en/south-africas-new-seed-and-pvp-acts-undermine-farmers-rights-and-entrench-corporate-capture-control.
4. African Centre for Biodiversity, “Two Simplified Briefings Introducing New GM Technologies and Biosafety Risks,” https://bit.ly/2VbUhfV.
5. Kurima mbeu dzakasiyana mumunda mumwe kunosanganisira kutora mbeu dzinogona kupanana zvino batsira mbeu dzacho zvorimwa pamwe. Muenzaniso unonyanyozihwa ndewechibage, beans, uye makavhu. Izvi zvinogona kurimwa mumunda mumwe nekuti chibage chinopa beans pekurembera kuti dzikure. Apavo chibage nebeans zvinobva zvapa makavhu mumvuri waanoda.